Journal of Academic Research and Trends in Educational Sciences
The Journal of Academic Research and Trends in Educational Sciences (JARTES) is a peer-reviewed scholarly online journal. There is no publication fee in the JARTES for international researchers. The JARTES is an international journal and welcomes any research papers on education and science using techniques from and applications in any technical knowledge domain: original theoretical works, literature reviews, research reports, social issues, psychological issues, curricula, learning environments, book reviews, and review articles. The articles should be original, unpublished, and not in consideration for publication elsewhere at the time of submission to the JARTES. Please consider that editor and reviewers invest significant time in the submission. Thus, the submission cannot be withdrawn without the approval of the editorial office during the review, the revision, the production after acceptance, or the publication process. The submission is first reviewed by the editorial team. This initial review is completed in one week. If the submission passes the initial review, then the blind review takes about two weeks. The template is not mandatory for articles submitted for review. The template can be used for accepted papers.
PANDEMIC AND GLOBAL TOURISM: THE IMPACT OF COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted the global tourism industry, leading to an unprecedented decline in international travel. Strict travel restrictions, strict lockdown measures, and health concerns have led to a significant decline in tourist arrivals, which has also affected economic sectors that depend on tourism. Airlines, hotels, and small businesses have suffered significant financial losses, and governments have begun implementing various public health strategies, including digital health documents and financial assistance programs. This article examines the impact of the pandemic on global tourism, the economic consequences, changes in consumer behavior, and the long-term transformation of the industry. It also discusses the importance of technology and long-term practices in the post-pandemic tourism recovery.
COVID-19, global tourism, travel restrictions, economic impact, consumer behavior, sustainable tourism, post-pandemic recovery, tourism sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 Sardorbek Normurodov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE ROLE OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES IN THE PRODUCTION OF MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS: ON THE EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL COUNTRIES
This article analyzes the role of chemical additives in the production of modern building materials, their impact on physical and mechanical properties, and their use in international experiments. Today, chemical additives are an important factor in the production of environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and high-strength concrete. The study compares the practices of Europe, the USA, Japan, China, Korea and the CIS countries, and the effectiveness of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers, accelerators, retarders, air-entraining and hydrophobic substances is scientifically examined. At the end of the article, recommendations are given for the development of chemical additives suitable for the conditions of Uzbekistan.
concrete, chemical additive, superplasticizer, water-cement ratio, hydrophobic substance, international standards
Copyright (c) 2025 Dilnoza Shukrullayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
READING AND LEARNING THROUGH CRITICAL THINKING
This article explores the concept of learning through critical thinking. The main goal of the topic is to highlight the essence, significance, and role of critical thinking in the educational process. Critical thinking helps students analyze information, evaluate evidence, draw conclusions, and make independent decisions. This approach makes the learning process more active, turning students from passive recipients of knowledge into active researchers. As a result, teaching becomes more effective, and students develop creativity and logical reasoning skills. This article can be useful for students and independent learners.
Critical thinking, learning, independent thinking, analytical thinking, logical reasoning, analysis and synthesis, evaluation of evidence, conclusion, independent decision-making, educational process, active learner, creativity, cognitive skills, reflection, problem-based learning, information analysis, research-based learning, teaching effectiveness, exchange of ideas, innovative pedagogy
Copyright (c) 2025 Durbek Mamatqulov, Qurbonali Salimjonov, Feruza Raxmatova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BASIC CONCEPTS OF WEBINAR TECHNOLOGY. THE ROLE OF WEBINARS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article highlights the main concepts of webinar technology and its role in the education system. Webinars are a modern educational tool that enables interactive communication between teachers and students in real time through online platforms. The article examines the pedagogical significance of webinars, their role in activating the learning process, and effectively developing students’ knowledge and skills. It also analyzes the possibilities of organizing distance learning using webinar technology and improving the quality and coverage of education. This article can be useful for independent researchers and students.
Webinar technology, online learning, distance learning, interactive teaching, educational process, pedagogical technologies, real-time mode, student interaction, development of knowledge and skills, learning effectiveness, e-learning, virtual lesson, educational platforms, teacher’s role, student activity, improving education quality, learning coverage, teaching methods, digital learning, innovative educational technologies
Copyright (c) 2025 Durbek Mamatqulov, Qurbonali Salimjonov, Jamshid Hakimov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
E‑SERVICE DEVELOPMENT IN MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN’S PUBLIC SECTOR
This article examines the development of e-services within Uzbekistan’s public sector and evaluates their role in transforming public management practices. Over the past decade, Uzbekistan has intensified its digitalization agenda, introducing a wide range of online services aimed at improving administrative efficiency, transparency, and citizen satisfaction. Using policy analysis, institutional review, and sector-specific case studies, the paper highlights key achievements such as the expansion of integrated digital platforms, the adoption of data-driven decision-making tools, and the increasing interoperability of government information systems. The findings reveal that while significant progress has been made, challenges remain related to technical infrastructure, workforce digital skills, regulatory coherence, and user trust. The article concludes by proposing strategic directions for enhancing e-service maturity, strengthening governance mechanisms, and ensuring sustainable digital transformation in the public management system of Uzbekistan.
E-government; e-services; public management; digital transformation; Uzbekistan; public sector innovation; information systems; service delivery; digital governance; administrative modernization
Copyright (c) 2025 Begoyim Uralova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
UZBEKISTAN’S INTEGRATION INTO GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AMID ECONOMIC TRANSITION
Uzbekistan’s ambitious economic reforms have coincided with a renewed drive to plug the country into global value chains (GVCs). A double‑landlocked geography, state dominance in key sectors and heavy reliance on raw materials have historically limited the country’s participation in cross‑border production networks. This article analyses Uzbekistan’s current position in GVCs, using real data on trade composition, foreign direct investment (FDI), transport infrastructure, and digital connectivity. It evaluates recent improvements, such as a dramatic rise in the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranking, and quantifies the potential gains from deeper manufacturing integration. The discussion contrasts Uzbekistan’s performance with global and regional benchmarks, highlights policy reforms aimed at enhancing GVC participation, and provides recommendations to ensure that economic transition translates into higher value‑added exports and sustained growth.
Global value chains (GVCs), logistics performance index (LPI), industrial goods, foreign direct investment (FDI), service trade reforms
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdurahmon Subkhonov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE ROLE OF THE GARMENT INDUSTRY IN ENSURING WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT AND INCREASING THEIR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE
This article analyzes the role of the garment industry in ensuring women's employment and their socio-economic empowerment. First, the mechanisms of the leading countries in the world in the garment sector to support women are studied. Second, the current indicators of the garment industry in Uzbekistan, in particular in Namangan, state policy, women's entrepreneurship and regional initiatives are reviewed. At the end of the article, proposals are made for increasing income, expanding skills and employment, enriching social capital, and increasing exports through garment clusters.
women's economic empowerment, garment, cooperative, microfinance, vocational education, digital trade, gender equality
Copyright (c) 2025 Feruza Anarboyeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ISSUES OF COMPLIANCE WITH SANITARY AND HYGIENIC STANDARDS IN THE FIELD OF HOTEL USE
This article discusses the importance of compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements in the activities of hotels. In order to protect the health of guests, prevent the spread of infectious diseases and improve the general sanitary condition, the hygienic requirements for hotel rooms, kitchens, sanitary and hygienic units, air ventilation systems, water supply and waste disposal systems are widely covered. The personal hygiene of employees and the procedures for organizing disinfection work in the hotel are also considered.
type of hotels, microclimate factors, role of hotels in tourism development, ventilation, water supply, waste disposal
Copyright (c) 2025 G.T. Iskandarova, U.Sh. Kalbayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING TRADE FACILITATION AND EXPORT POTENTIAL OF UZBEKISTAN
Digital platforms are reshaping trade facilitation worldwide by streamlining documentary compliance, reducing logistics frictions, and broadening market access for firms—especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This article assesses how such platforms can enhance Uzbekistan’s export potential. Drawing on comparative evidence (World Bank Logistics Performance Index, WTO trade outlook), policy documents (UNECE, WCO), and country-specific initiatives (Single Window, Uzbekistan Trade Info, e-phytosanitary certification), we analyze where Uzbekistan stands and what additional gains are feasible. We adopt a comparative-analytical methodology, triangulating international benchmarks with case-based illustrations (e-certificates of origin, e-phyto, B2B marketplaces, and commodity e-trading). Our results indicate tangible progress: the national Single Window and step-by-step trade portal reduce information and compliance costs; the adoption of IPPC ePhyto advances paperless trade; and curated access to major global platforms (e.g., Alibaba) expands commercial reach. Remaining constraints include uneven systems interoperability, gaps in cross-border data exchange, logistics bottlenecks, and SME capabilities. We propose a sequenced reform package: (i) full end-to-end digitization of priority certificates; (ii) interoperability via international standards (UN/CEFACT, WCO Data Model); (iii) targeted SME e-export support; and (iv) data-driven performance management tied to the 2025–2030 national trade facilitation roadmap. These measures can accelerate export diversification and reduce time and cost to trade.
Uzbekistan, digital platforms, trade facilitation, e-commerce, Single Window, export potential, logistics performance, ePhyto, paperless trade, international trade integration
Copyright (c) 2025 Umida Sharipova, Sarvinozkhon Shokirova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
This article analyzes the linguistic features of the translation of official correspondence in the field of education from English into Uzbek and vice versa. The lexical-semantic, stylistic, terminological and pragmatic aspects of the text are studied, the main problems arising in the translation process are highlighted. Structural and cultural differences in official correspondence in the two languages are also considered. The article emphasizes the relevance of maintaining accuracy, formality, contextuality and cultural sensitivity in the practice of translation.
education, official correspondence, translation, English, Uzbek, linguistics, lexical-semantics, stylistics, terminology, pragmatics
Copyright (c) 2025 Khusanboy Yuldashev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT: FROM GLOBAL TRENDS TO NATIONAL PRACTICE
This article examines the underlying reasons for the underrepresentation of women in investment management, drawing on international research, including the Financial Times report. It analyzes barriers at the recruitment, career advancement, and corporate culture levels. The paper also discusses the prospects and recommendations for developing an inclusive investment sector in Uzbekistan based on global experience.
investment management, gender imbalance, women in finance, Uzbekistan, barriers, corporate culture, inclusiveness
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalya Aliyeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY
Artificial photosynthesis is an advanced chemical and biotechnological system that mimics the natural photosynthesis process to directly convert sunlight into chemical energy. This technology holds great promise for creating sustainable energy sources without polluting the environment. The article highlights the fundamental principles of artificial photosynthesis, its differences from natural photosynthesis, operational mechanisms, and recent research advancements. It also analyzes critical chemical reactions involved, such as water splitting and the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into valuable hydrocarbons. Artificial photosynthesis stands at the forefront of innovative solutions for addressing the global energy crisis, protecting the environment, and reducing carbon footprints. The development of this process not only enables the production of clean, renewable energy but also plays a vital role in combating global climate change. The article further discusses practical applications of artificial photosynthesis technology, including hydrogen production from water, carbon dioxide recycling, and the generation of subsequent chemical energy sources. Moreover, the article examines current challenges and technological obstacles in the field of artificial photosynthesis, such as improving efficiency, enhancing catalysts, and ensuring the economic feasibility of the systems. It is anticipated that artificial photosynthesis technology will revolutionize the energy sector and significantly contribute to the sustainable development of global energy resources in the future.
Artificial photosynthesis, solar energy, chemical energy, water splitting, carbon dioxide conversion, catalysts, renewable energy, climate change, hydrogen production, chemical reactions, environmental protection, biotechnology, energy storage
Copyright (c) 2025 Azimaxon Yaqubova, Zilolaxon Chalaboyeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PROSPECTS AND CURRENT ISSUES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
Biotechnology represents one of the most promising and rapidly evolving fields in the global scientific landscape, offering significant potential for addressing diverse challenges in agriculture, medicine, industry, and environmental management. Uzbekistan, as a nation with rich natural resources and a strategic vision for innovation, has identified biotechnology as a key driver for sustainable development. This article explores the current state, prospects, and pressing challenges of biotechnology development in Uzbekistan. Drawing upon legislative frameworks, infrastructure, human capital, and sectoral priorities, the study examines how Uzbekistan is navigating the complexities of building a vibrant biotechnology ecosystem. The discussion highlights both achievements and obstacles—such as regulatory hurdles, funding shortages, and talent retention—while emphasizing future pathways that align with national priorities and global trends. The findings underscore the necessity of an integrated approach that involves policy reform, investment, international collaboration, and education to realize the full potential of biotechnology in Uzbekistan.
biotechnology, Uzbekistan, sustainable development, innovation, agriculture, medicine, regulatory framework, prospects, challenges
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjar Rustamov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Experimental psychology represents a foundational domain in modern psychological science, providing the methodological and theoretical basis for empirical investigation of mental processes and behavior. This article explores the core principles underlying experimental psychology, tracing their development, philosophical foundations, and contemporary applications. It examines the importance of controlled observation, operationalization of variables, objectivity, replication, and statistical analysis as the cornerstones of this scientific approach. Furthermore, the article delves into ethical considerations, the role of experimental design, and the impact of technological advances on experimental methodologies. The discussion highlights the interconnectedness of theory and experimentation, emphasizing the dynamic evolution of experimental psychology in response to emerging challenges and opportunities in psychological research. By articulating these foundational principles, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how experimental psychology continues to advance knowledge about human cognition, emotion, and behavior.
Experimental psychology, scientific method, empirical research, control, objectivity, replication, experimental design, ethics, statistical analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaxrizoda Baxshullayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN PERFECTION IN ALISHER NAVOI’S “NASOYIM AL-MUHABBAT”
This article explores Alisher Navoi’s Nasoyim al-muhabbat as a profound Sufi work that reflects on the issue of human moral and spiritual perfection. The text examines how the lives and inner experiences of various Sufi saints illustrate a path toward attaining ethical maturity and divine closeness. Key concepts such as divine love, humility, patience, truthfulness, and spiritual purification are presented as essential pillars of personal development. The article highlights the timeless relevance of Navoi’s ideas, demonstrating how his teachings contribute to both individual transformation and broader moral education. The ethical-aesthetic significance of Nasoyim al-muhabbat is analyzed in light of contemporary spiritual and educational discourse.
Alisher Navoi Nasoyim al-muhabbat Sufism Sufi figures Divine love Human perfection Moral maturity Spiritual purification Inner harmony Ideal of the perfect man
Copyright (c) 2025 Adxamjon Otaxanov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GENDER EQUALITY AND OPPORTUNITIES CREATED FOR WOMEN IN UZBEKISTAN ARE AN IMPORTANT STEP FOR DEVELOPMENT
This article analyses gender equality and the opportunities created for women in Uzbekistan as an important factor of national development. It reviews the laws, decrees, state strategies, statistical data, and their impact on the socio-economic development of the country based on a scientific approach.
Gender equality, women’s rights, opportunities for women, Uzbekistan, state policy, laws and decrees, gender strategy, women’s employment, economic development, social progress, national development, women’s entrepreneurship, women’s education, gender policy, sustainable development
Copyright (c) 2025 Umida Bo‘ranova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MODERN THREATS TO THE SPIRITUAL MATURITY OF YOUTH
This article discusses contemporary threats affecting the spiritual development of youth and explores the underlying reasons for their emergence. The author emphasizes that global processes, technological advances, and the expanding flow of information can negatively impact traditional values, accelerating their erosion. Economic hardships, social inequality, and extremist ideologies are also identified as factors contributing to contradictory trends within young minds. The article underlines the importance of improving the spiritual and moral education system, fostering critical thinking, and strengthening the cooperation between families and society. In addition, it highlights the need to enhance the quality of education, provide comprehensive socio-economic support for youth, and harmonize national and universal values to reinforce young people’s spiritual potential. The author concludes that only a holistic approach can enable the younger generation to effectively confront modern challenges and attain a profound level of spiritual maturity.
Youth spiritual development, spiritual education, globalization, information threats, technological advancement, social inequality, extremism, national values, critical thinking, family-society cooperation
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF DIGITALIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UTILITY SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN
This paper analyzes the role and significance of digitalization in the transformation of Uzbekistan’s utility sector, which includes water supply, electricity, gas, waste management, and heating services. As part of the country’s broader economic reforms, digital technologies are being increasingly adopted to address long-standing inefficiencies, technical losses, and service delivery challenges. The study highlights how digital tools—such as smart metering, integrated billing systems, real-time monitoring, and data analytics—can improve operational efficiency, enhance transparency, and elevate customer satisfaction. By reviewing international practices and aligning with national strategic goals, the paper offers practical insights into how Uzbekistan can overcome systemic barriers and accelerate the modernization of its utility infrastructure.
Digitalization, utility sector, Uzbekistan, smart infrastructure, service efficiency, integrated systems, digital transformation, public services, energy management, modernization
Copyright (c) 2025 Alisher Sultanov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FOREIGN EXPERIENCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE UTILITY SECTOR
This article analyzes the role of advanced foreign experiences in improving the system of utility services in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The approaches to the management of the utility sector of developed countries such as Germany, Sweden, Singapore and Japan are studied, and their effective management models are highlighted. The possibilities of adapting these experiences to the conditions of Uzbekistan are also discussed. The article substantiates the relevance of using foreign practices in order to improve the stability and quality of utility services and create convenience for the population.
utilities, management experience, foreign practice, Germany, Sweden, Singapore, Japan, stability, reforms, Uzbekistan
LINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PROVERBS EXPRESSING THE LEXEMES “BOYLIK” (WEALTH)
This article is devoted to the linguoculturological analysis of the concept of "wealth" in the English language. The study analyzes the national and cultural characteristics of the concept of 'wealth' through lexical units, proverbs and phraseologisms.
proverb, linguoculturology, wealth, language and culture, semantics, phraseologism, folk thinking
Copyright (c) 2025 Alisher Jo‘rayev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
LINGUOCULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF “BOYLIK” (WEALTH) IN ENGLISH AND UZBEKISTAN
This article is devoted to the linguoculturological analysis of the concept of “wealth” in English and Uzbek. The study highlights the national and cultural characteristics of the concept of ‘wealth’ through lexical units, proverbs and phraseologisms related to the concept. It also analyzes the role of this concept in the relationship between language and culture and studies how it is reflected in the thinking of the two peoples.
concept, linguoculturology, wealth, semantics, proverb, phraseologism, folk thinking
AKSIYADORLIK JAMIYATLARI FAOLIYATIDA RAQAMLI MOLIYADAN FOYDALANISHNING ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLARI
Ushbu maqolada aksiyadorlik jamiyatlarining moliyaviy boshqaruvida raqamli texnologiyalarning o‘rni va ular orqali samaradorlikni oshirish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi. Raqamli moliya — bu an’anaviy moliyaviy xizmatlarni raqamli formatda amalga oshirishni anglatadi. Bugungi kunda aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari uchun real vaqt rejimida ma’lumotlar bilan ishlash, moliyaviy hisobotlarni avtomatlashtirish, investitsiyalarni boshqarish va aktsiyadorlar bilan muloqotni raqamlashtirish kabi yondashuvlar katta ahamiyat kasb etmoqda. Maqolada raqamli moliyaning afzalliklari, qo‘llanilayotgan texnologiyalar, yuzaga kelayotgan muammolar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston tajribasida aksiyadorlik jamiyatlarining raqamli moliyaga o‘tish bosqichlari tahlil qilinadi.
Aksiyadorlik jamiyati, raqamli moliya, moliyaviy texnologiyalar, blokcheyn, elektron hisobot, investitsion boshqaruv, fintech, korporativ boshqaruv
Copyright (c) 2025 Masharipova Shahlo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
YUK TASHISH SOHASIDA TADBIRKORLIKNI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING ZAMONAVIY YO‘NALISHLARI
Mazkur maqolada yuk tashish sohasida tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish bilan bog‘liq muhim masalalar, zamonaviy yondashuvlar va istiqbolli yo‘nalishlar tahlil qilinadi. Global logistika tarmog‘ining kengayishi, raqamli texnologiyalarning jadal rivojlanishi hamda transport infratuzilmasidagi islohotlar ushbu yo‘nalishda yangi tadbirkorlik shakllarini yuzaga keltirmoqda. Maqolada logistika xizmatlari, yuklarni intermodal tashish, texnologik innovatsiyalar, huquqiy va moliyaviy muhitning ta’siri hamda mahalliy va xalqaro bozor bilan integratsiyalashuv masalalari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, yuk tashish sohasida kichik biznes va startaplar uchun yaratilayotgan imkoniyatlar, mavjud to‘siqlar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari batafsil ko‘rib chiqiladi.
Yuk tashish, tadbirkorlik, logistika, transport infratuzilmasi, startap, raqamli texnologiyalar, intermodal tashish, bozor integratsiyasi, iqtisodiy rivojlanish
Copyright (c) 2025 Karriyeva Yakutxon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BARQAROR BOSHQARUV MODELLARINI ISHLAB CHIQISH: EKOTURIZM LOYIHALARI UCHUN ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR
Mazkur maqolada ekoturizm sohasida barqaror rivojlanishni ta’minlaydigan boshqaruv modellarini ishlab chiqish zaruriyati va ularning ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Global ekologik muammolar, tabiiy resurslarning cheklanganligi va turizmning ekologiyaga salbiy ta’siri sharoitida, ekoturizm — bu faqatgina sayohat qilish emas, balki tabiatni asrash, mahalliy aholining turmush darajasini oshirish va uzoq muddatli ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash vositasi sifatida namoyon bo‘lmoqda. Maqolada ekoturizm loyihalarining muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirilishi uchun kerakli bo‘lgan boshqaruv strategiyalari, mahalliy hamjamiyatlar bilan hamkorlik, davlat va nodavlat sektorlarining ishtiroki, shuningdek, monitoring va baholash tizimlari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, mualliflar ekoturizmda barqaror boshqaruv modelini shakllantirishda xalqaro tajribalarni ham tahlil qilib, O‘zbekiston sharoitida qo‘llash mumkin bo‘lgan takliflarni ilgari surishadi
Ekoturizm, barqaror rivojlanish, boshqaruv modeli, ekologik turizm, mahalliy hamjamiyat, monitoring, tabiatni muhofaza qilish, turizm strategiyasi
Copyright (c) 2025 Sobirova Nilufar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE WTO AND THE RULES CHANGING THE WORLD OF TRADE
This article examines the evolution and multifaceted influence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the global economy, analyzing its historical path from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to the modern institutional structure. The work uses the methods of searching and systematizing theoretical data, induction, deduction and comparative analysis. It is revealed that the WTO, which originated from the "birth defects" of the temporary GATT, has become a reliable, rule-based system, which is emphasized in legal (Jackson, Mavroidis) and political-economic (Hookman and Kostetsky) studies. Jagdish Bhagwati also presents the WTO as a cornerstone of globalization, promoting predictability and efficiency in trade. An empirical analysis of the impact of the WTO on world trade has shown that despite initial skepticism (Rose), subsequent studies (Larch, Subramanian, and Wei) have convincingly confirmed the positive, albeit nuanced, impact of membership in the organization on trade volumes. This evidence, along with the key principles of the WTO (non-discrimination, openness, predictability, dispute settlement), provides the basis for global economic integration. The active pursuit of WTO accession by the Republic of Uzbekistan, enshrined in strategic documents, reflects the recognition of these benefits and the importance of compliance with international standards for achieving inclusive development and full integration into the world trading system.
World Trade Organization, WTO, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT, world trade, economic integration, globalization, international relations, trade barriers, trade liberalization
Copyright (c) 2025 Islombek Nurmukhammedov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DISEASES OF FUSARIUM WILT AND VERTICILLIUM WILT IN COTTON PLANTS AND MEASURES TO CONTROL THEM
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a crop that plays an important role in world and Uzbek agriculture. However, cotton is subject to significant yield losses due to various diseases. The most common diseases worldwide include Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum), Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae). These diseases significantly reduce cotton yields. Diseases such as Fusarium and Verticillium are also widespread in Uzbekistan, which have a negative impact on the crop. Phytopathologists are conducting research to study and prevent these diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 S.S. Tuxtamishev, А.А. Musurmanov, I.А. Raxmonov, M.R. Obloqulov, А.Sh. Аtabekov, X.Sh. Musurmonov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIA-CENTRAL ASIA ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND JOINT PROJECTS, AIMING FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC PROSPERITY AMONG COUNTRIES
Although India has different culture, religion, language, it connected with Central Asian countries historically and has many things to share with them. Therefore, Indian government is trying to build strong, bold relationships with Central Asia. They both have strategic interests to each other and there are some needs that can be met by only India-Central Asia cooperation. Many joint projects have been implemented as well as there are many which are on the way and these projects are meant to develop relationships between Central Asia and India and take them into new level.
TAPI pipeline, The Ashgabat Agreement, India-Central Asia Dialogue, India-Central Asia Summit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marvarid Toyirova, Ibragim Mavlanov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PROSPECTIVE EXPORT MARKETS FOR UZBEKISTAN: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADE BARRIERS AND POTENTIAL DEMAND IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
The article examines the diversification of Uzbekistan's export destinations outside the CIS and the EU using the markets of South and Southeast Asia as an example. The purpose of the study is to identify the most promising country regions taking into account trade barriers and import demand potential. The following data sources were used: WITS (World Bank), UN COMTRADE, WDI and IMF, as well as OEC and Trading Economics resources; to assess the priority, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used, which allowed integrating indicators of market size (GDP and population), import volume, economic growth rates and average tariff rates. The analysis showed that India and Bangladesh have the highest priority due to a combination of large import volumes and acceptable tariff barriers, followed by Indonesia and Vietnam. For each country, the economic structure, average and specific tariffs, and key non-tariff restrictions are described in detail. The conclusions substantiate the recommendation to focus export efforts on agricultural products and light industry for India and Bangladesh, as well as to more actively use GSP mechanisms and regional agreements to reduce trade barriers. The need to adapt products to the technical and sanitary standards of partners and improve logistics chains in Southeast Asia is also emphasized.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shukhratbek Sapaev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ON ECONOMIC RECOVERY AFTER THE PANDEMIC
This paper examines the role of international financial institutions (IFIs), such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and regional development banks, in facilitating economic recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores how IFIs provided financial support, policy advice, and technical assistance to countries facing severe economic disruptions due to the pandemic. The paper highlights several key recovery mechanisms, including emergency financing, debt relief programs, and social protection initiatives, which were critical in mitigating the pandemic’s economic impact.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs), Economic Recovery, COVID-19 Pandemic, IMF (International Monetary Fund), World Bank, Regional Development Banks, Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI), Rapid Credit Facility (RCF)
Copyright (c) 2025 Umida Gofurova, Gulshaxnoz Gulyamova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EDUCATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WRITING A STATEMENT
This article explores the educational and moral importance of developing narration (composition) writing skills in students. It emphasizes how this process fosters thinking, coherent speech, independent reasoning, and aesthetic sense. The article also highlights how narration activities help strengthen observation, memory, logical thinking, clarity, and consistency. Moreover, it addresses the moral aspects of narration writing, such as fostering patriotism, diligence, and ethical behavior in students.
narrative writing, educational value, moral value, written speech, thinking skills, aesthetic upbringing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yulduz Muxiddinova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0